2. Name the ancient Egyptian scholar and physician who has been called the "real father of medicine." He is credited with describing the circulation of blood 4000 years before Europe discovered this important body function.

3. What is the name of the archaeological site in East Africa, where, to date, the oldest human-like fossils have been found?

4. What is the name of the Black African township, outside Johannesburg, South Africa, that experienced bloody rioting in 1976, which grew out of Black African student protests against the compulsory use of the Afrikaans language in the schools?

5. Who was the Kenyan president and leader, nicknamed "The Old Man," who led his East African nation to freedom from British colonialism?

6. Name the West African city that was part of the Mali and Songhay empires that flourished from about the 12th century through the 16th century. This city was a center of trade, culture, and Islamic learning. One of its greatest educational centers was the prestigious University of Sankore.

7. Who was the fifth century African bishop of the North African city of Hippo whose writings and teachings form the philosophical basis of modern-day Christianity and whose synthesis of Greek, Roman, Jewish and Eastern cultures form the basis of western culture?

8. Name the North African city-state whose great military leader, Hannibal, in the third century B.C., fought against Roman conquest in the First and Second Punic Wars?

9. Who was the Tanzanian scholar/ president, nicknamed "Mwalimu" (Teacher), who instituted a program of Cooperative Economics to help his country grow and develop?

10. On January 1, 1956, this African nation gained its independence from European colonialism, becoming the first of many African nations to begin the long struggle back to traditional greatness, which still continues today. Name the nation.

11. In the late 1960s, this African country's leader Mobutu Sese Seko, initiated his program of "authenticity" where citizens were required to drop their European names for pre-colonial ancestral names. Even the name of the country was changed. Once called the Congo, the country adopted what new name?

12. Who was the Egyptian president who came to power in 1952 with the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy? His nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 caused shockwaves throughout the West. He died in 1970.

13. Who was the great Ethiopian distance runner who won Africa's first Olympic Gold Medal at the 1960 games in Rome? Running barefoot over Rome's cobblestone roads, he won the grueling 26.2 mile marathon in world record time. He also won the gold in the marathon at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, becoming the first man to win consecutive Olympic marathons.

Important Firsts

14. In 1621, William Tucker became the first Black child born in the American colonies. Name the place where the first "African American" was born.

15. In 1783, James Derham, who was born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1762, became the first African American to practice this profession in the United States. What profession did he practice?

16. Who was the first African-American college graduate in the United States, having earned his degree from Boudoin College in Maine in 1826? He became publisher of Freedom's Journal, the first African-American newspaper printed in the United States.

17. One of the earliest novels written by an African American and published was entitled Clotelle: A Tale of the Southern States in 1853 in Boston. Who wrote this novel?

18. In 1862, Mary Patterson became the first African American woman to earn a master's degree. What Ohio college awarded her this degree?

19. Who was the first African American jockey to win the Kentucky Derby? In 1875 at Churchill Downs he rode to victory on a horse named Aristides.

20. Published by W. S. Scott in 1882, this newspaper was the first daily to be owned by an African American. What was the name of this newspaper?

21. In 1892, the first Black college football game was played. Biddle College emerged victorious with a score of 4 to 0. What is the name of the college which lost this historic game?

22. In London, in 1890, boxer George Dixon of Halifax, Nova Scotia, became the first Black man to win a world boxing title. In what weight division did he win this title?

23. In 1939, Jane Matilda Bolin became the first African-American woman judge. Appointed 
by the mayor to the Court of Domestic Relations, she achieved her judgeship in what city?

24. Who was the first African American to achieve the rank of Brigadier General in the U.S. Army in 1940?

25. In 1943, the first Liberty Ship to be named for an African-American was launched from a New Jersey shipyard. It carried war cargo to Europe during WWII. What famous African-American scientist was the ship named for?

26. In 1946, the first U.S. coin honoring an African American was a 50 cents piece that bore the resemblance of a famous educator. Who was the coin honoring?

27. Leo Pinckney, an African American, was the first draftee of World War I. He was notified to appear for a physical examination by Local Board #44 on August 2nd of what year?

28. What is the name of the former congresswoman from New York who was the first African-American woman to sit in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1969?

29. What is the name of the first African-American university founded in the U.S. in Pennsylvania in 1853? It was originally named the Ashmum Institute.

30. In 1894 in Cambridge, MA, this important scholar, writer, and philosopher became the first African-American male to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.

31. Name the African-American poetess, who in 1950, became the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize for poetry.

32. Name the African-American man who was the first to give his life in the skirmish later known as the Boston Massacre, which touched off the American Revolution. He rallied his comrades saying, "Do not be afraid," as he led the ranks. Today his name tops the list of the five carved in the monument erected to commemorate that historic night in Boston Common.

33. In 1772, Jean Baptiste du Sable was the African-American man who established a small settlement, that later grew to become one of America's greatest cities. The establishment of this midwest juncture opened new doors to the West and North. Name the city.

Heroes & Heroines

34. In 1905 this woman invented a hair softener, grower, and straightening comb, that revolutionized the cosmetics industry in the African-American community. Her ingenuity helped her become the first self-made millionaire in America. Name her.

35. Who was the outstanding historian who founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915, which was later named the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History? He is responsible for founding Black History Month. One of his most famous works is "The Mis-Education of the Negro."

36. Called "The Black Prophet" by some, this visionary slave revolutionary led a small band of slaves on a two-day insurrection that rocked the area of Southampton, Virginia, in August of 1831. He fled to the nearby Dismal Swamp where he remained in hiding for six weeks before being captured. What is his name?

37. Name the free African-American male who in 1829 published and distributed the militant anti-slavery pamphlet, Appeal to the Colored People of the World, that caused a furor among slaveholders throughout the country.

38. What is the name of the slave ship on which the African leader Joseph Cinque' and his followers revolted against their captors and eventually won their freedom and returned to Africa? 

39. Who was the first African American appointed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1967 by President Johnson?

40. In 1963, this prominent civil rights leader was assassinated in the doorway of his home in Jackson, MS. Name him.

41. Who was the woman called "Black Moses," a major conductor on the Underground Railroad, who returned to the South 19 times, leading over 300 slaves to freedom in the North and Canada?

42. This self-proclaimed "Pilgrim of God" was the first woman orator to speak out against slavery. Having set upon a personal journey for truth and freedom, she became one of the most popular speakers for African-American and women's rights. She coined the popular rallying cry for women's rights - "Ain't I a woman?" Name her.

43. Purchased from the slave auction block at the age of eight, this little girl mastered the English language within 16 weeks. By 1773, she was an internationally known and published poet. She traveled to London and was hailed as a prodigy. In 1776, she wrote a poem entitled, "To His Excellency General Washington." After he read it, George Washington invited her to visit him at Cambridge.

44. This outstanding African-American woman rose from a field-hand picking cotton to confidante and advisor to Franklin Roosevelt. The 17th child of sharecropping parents, this outstanding educator founded and built a well-known Southern liberal arts college that bears her name. Who was she?

45. This prolific poet, novelist, essayist, and world traveler flourished during the Harlem Renaissance. One of his most famous poems, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," inspired the theme of the African-American Pavilion at the 1984 World's Fair. Who was he?

46. In Montgomery, 1955, this brave African-American woman refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white man and was arrested. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. called for an African-American bus boycott, which fueled the Civil Rights Movement. Name this important African-American heroine.

47. On what date and in what city was Malcolm X born?

48. On what date and in what city was Malcolm X assassinated?

49. His Arabic name was El Haiji Malik Shabazz. He was nicknamed "Detroit Red." He was well known as Malcolm X. What was his given name at birth?

50. On what date and in what city was Martin Luther King, Jr. born?

51. On what date and in what city was Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated?

52. What is the date and place of Dr. Martin Luther King's famous "I Have A Dream" speech?

53. It was on the balcony of this motel that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated upon emerging from a second-floor room accompanied by Ralph Abernathy and Jesse Jackson. Name the motel.

54. On what date was the South African revolutionary leader Nelson Mandela freed from prison after 27 years?

55. Name the African -American man who escaped from his Virginia slave masters by hiding in a box being shipped to Philadelphia.

56. Who was the Harvard-trained African-American physician who is now regarded as the father of Black Nationalism? He condemned the settlement of Liberia as a ploy by Southern slaveholders to deposit free African Americans there to protect the institution of slavery.

57. What famous African-American scholar, author, and journalist made this often quoted statement: "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"?

58. Name the African-American security guard who detected and detained a group of men installing surveillance equipment in the Democratic Party National Headquarters at the Watergate Office Complex in Washington, DC, which led to the infamous Watergate Scandal that rocked the Nixon administration?

Politics-Mass Movements-Civil Rights

59. In 1889, Frederick Douglass was appointed U.S. Minister to this Caribbean nation. Name the country.

60. What is the title of the 1852 novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe? This novel sold over 300,000 copies in one year and won over countless thousands of sympathizers to the abolitionist cause.

61. What is the name of the famous 1857 Supreme Court Decision that opened federal territory to slavery, denied citizenship rights to African Americans, and decreed that slaves do not become free when taken into free territory? It was named after the slave who sued his master for his freedom.

62. What is the name of the Florida Indian nation that offered refuge to fugitive slaves, intermarried with them, and fought along with them against the U.S. government in a series of wars in the mid-1800s?

63. P.B.S. Pinchback was born a slave in Mississippi but eventually made his home in another Southern state.  During Reconstruction, he became a state senator, school board director of a major city's school system, senator, lieutenant governor, and in 1872, governor of the state. What state claims this first African-American governor?

64. In May 1966, this prominent African-American activist spokesman was named as the head of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), charting a new course for the "Black Power" doctrine. He is now known as Kwame Ture of the All African People's Revolutionary Party. Who is he?

65. In 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded an organization in Oakland that proposed a 10-point program that included reparations for past abuses of African Americans, release of African-American prisoners, and trial of African Americans by African-American juries. What was the name of this organization?

66. In 1905 in New York, 129 African-American intellectuals from 14 states met and organized the Niagara Movement, which became the forerunner of this important civil rights organization, that still exists today. Name the organization.

67. In 1954, this unanimous landmark Supreme Court decision overturned the "Separate but Equal" doctrine, that since 1896, had legitimized segregation in the schools and other public facilities. Name this case.

68. For six days in August 1965, looting, burning, and rioting plunged this predominantly African-American section of Los Angeles into a state of anarchy, which resulted from the mistreatment of an African-American youth by a white policeman. Name this section of Los Angeles.

69. In what year did President Lincoln sign the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that all slaves held in rebellious areas be freed?

70. What amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave African Americans the right to vote?

71. Name the 1896 court case in which the U.S. Supreme Court gave its approval to segregate public facilities, known as the infamous "Jim Crow" laws?

72. What organization, founded in 1977, was the first African-American political lobbying organization? Headed by Randall Robinson, the organization influences U.S. policy toward Africa and the Caribbean.

73. In 1817, this organization was founded to transport free African Americans to their ancestral homeland. This organization built a colony in West Africa that became in 1847 the independent country of Liberia. What was the name of this organization?

74. In 1912, Marcus Garvey founded an organization that grew to become one of the largest and most influential organizations in the African world. At its height, this organization claimed four million dues-paying members, a daily newspaper, a shipping line, and many other impressive enterprises. Name the organization.

75. Even though Garvey's UNIA was highly urbanized, its stronghold was the southern United States, the most thoroughly organized Garveyite area in the world. Name the southern state that was the leading center of the UNIA, with 74 branches.

76. This politician was the son of a prominent Harlem minister who pastored the largest African-American congregation in America. First elected to the House of Representatives in 1944, he offset his reputation for absenteeism by pushing civil rights and other legislation favorable to African Americans through Congress. Name him.

77. In 1967, Carl Stokes became the first African-American mayor of a major American city. Name the city.

78. What was the name of the 14-year-old African-American boy who was brutally murdered in Money, MS, in 1955 for speaking to a white woman? An all white jury acquitted his killers. His death was the spark that set the Civil Rights Movement on fire.

79. On September 15, 1963 four young African-American school girls were killed in the bombing of a church in Birmingham. Their deaths symbolized the evil and treachery of racism. What was the name of the church where these martyrs died?

80. On February 1, 1960, African-American college students staged a sit-in at a "white's only" lunch counter in a southern city. The sit-in grew to over 70,000 participants in cities across the South. The sit-in thrust African-American youth to the front lines of the movement. Name the city where the sit-ins began

Science, Technology & Inventions

81. Dr. Percy Julian was the renowned African-American chemist who in 1935 developed a drug for the treatment of what dreaded eye disease?

82. Name the African-American inventor whose automatic lubrication system, devised in 1872, allowed for the continuous flow of oil to machinery without the necessity of stopping the machines. This African-American man held over 50 patents and originated the expression "The Real McCoy."

83. Who was the free-born inventor, mathematician, astronomer, and essayist, called the "sable genius"? He made, completely of wood, the first clock wholly made in America. This clock kept accurate time for over 20 years. He is best known for taking part in laying out the plans for the city of Washington, DC.

84. Name the famous agricultural chemist whose crop research at the Tuskegee Institute led to better and more productive farming in the South. He also discovered a multitude of products and uses for the soybean, peanut, and sweet potato.

85. This African-American physician and scientist was a pioneer in blood plasma research. His method of storing blood plasma for the injured and wounded was a significant factor in turning the tide in the allied war effort in World War II. Ironically, this African-American man died from loss of blood sustained in an auto accident, after being denied admission to a "white" hospital.

86. African-American inventor Jan Matzeliger revolutionized this industry in 1863 with his patented invention of a "lasting" machine which made production of these items easier and faster. He worked 10 years on his invention, which industry experts claimed was impossible to make. What manufactured items did Matzeliger improve the production of?

87. This arctic explorer, for years lost in the shadows of Admiral Peary, was in actuality the first man to discover the North Pole. Favored by the Eskimos because of his dark complexion, this explorer proved indispensable on Peary's many expeditions. Name the explorer who actually placed the flag on the North Pole.

88. Daniel Hale Williams was an outstanding physician and surgeon. In Chicago, 1893, he accomplished an important surgical procedure that had not been done before. What operation did he perform?

89. This African-American inventor was granted a patent for the first incandescent lamp with carbon filament. This man also made the drawings for Alexander Graham Bell's telephone and became the chief draftsman for General Electric and Westinghouse. What is his name?

90. In 1865, the African-American chef, Hiram S. Thomas, introduced a food item at this famous inn near Saratoga. This food item is now enjoyed by millions around the world especially as a snack. What popular food did Hiram Thomas invent? 

91. A decade after World War I, an exciting cultural movement emerged in the African-American community. It was characterized by a spirit of protest and pride and reflected in a resurgence of African-American literature, art, music, and politics. Named after a well-known New York community, what was this cultural phenomenon called?

92. Who was the African-American woman playwright whose play, "A Raisin In The Sun," won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award in 1959? She was the first African American to win this award.

93. Jesse Owens won four gold medals in the Olympics, a standard of athletic greatness that inspired Carl Lewis in his four gold medal achievement at the 1984 Los Angeles games. Name the year and the city in which Jesse Owens accomplished this feat?

94. Who was the New Orleans-born gospel singer who became known as the "Queen of Gospel Music"? Her 1945 hit record "Move Up A Little Higher" sold over a million copies.

95. Who was the controversial saxophonist whose revolutionary "sheets of sound" technique influenced an entire school of avant garde jazz musicians? He played with such greats as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and Theolonious Monk. He died in 1967.

96. Who was the outstanding jazz composer and orchestra leader who is considered to have made the most pervasive contribution to the development of jazz in the United States? His classics, such as "Mood Indigo" and "Take The A Train," are still being enjoyed today. The Broadway musical, "Sophisticated Ladies" was done in his honor.

97. This African-American man was the first to coach a major professional sports team.  Name him and the team he coached?

98. Name the multi-talented artist, athlete, singer, and actor who in 1949 shocked the government by speaking out against the African-American war effort on behalf of a racist society. His role as Othello on Broadway in 1943 ran for 296 performances and was highly praised by the New York drama critics.

99. Who was the internationally known African-American photographer whose photographs of Harlem and its people created a half-century long visual history of the area? His 1969 exhibition "Harlem On My Mind" at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art brought him international recognition.

100.  Who was the legendary African-American cowboy given the title "Deadwood Dick" for his bronco-busting, calf-roping, and riding techniques displayed at Deadwood, South Dakota in 1876?

101.  In 1919, Fritz Pollard became the first African American to play professional football for a major team, the Akron Indians. In 1916, Pollard was the first African American to play in a prestigious college bowl game for Brown University. What New Year's Day Bowl game did he play in?